CODE SWITCHING 

AND 

CODE MIXING

What Is Code Switching And Code Mixing?

            Code switching is using a sentence, and change the language directly to a new language. It is changing from one language to another language.

         Code mixing is the combination of two language in one sentence or  using two language when talking to people.

Why people should switching and mixing  language?

          It can cause of many factors, they are :

a.  Situation, (its depend on our situation to using switching or mixing language)

b.    Multillingual  (many people with different language in a forum)

c.      To increase the expression of solidarity,

d.    Sense of humor,

e.  And talking about particular topic in a forum, (then all readers can understand and get a point of our speech)

          

Borrowing a language

          Borrowing language is a language that borrowed from other languages then become a frozen language in our language. The form of language or word doesnot change.

          What is benefit using code switching and mixing?

1.     It opens up many opportunities for the code - switcher.

2.     It allows the code-switcher to become a cultural connector

3.     Code-switching gives its users a more nuanced and tolerant view of world cultures, as their lives are spent jumping between different context— each one containing different cultural assumptions and expectations. 

4.     A code-switcher, by being fluent in multiple cultures / languages , can access each of those environments without imposing a foreign culture/language. 

     Is it suitable for us use code mixing at school (in daily activity)?

            It is suitable if we use it in our daily activities, but we have to filter every words when we use code mixing. Because there are some words that is impolite for using and hearing.

          Not only that, It can  add our knowledge about two language, we can make a new vocabulary everyday and every time.

That’s for today,,,,

Thank you for reading guyssss... (big hug from me¤¤¤)

CREOLE AND PIDGINS

What Lingua-Franca is

          Lingua Franca might be the most commonly recognised of these three terms. In essence, a lingua franca is one that is used for communication between people who have no native language in common. This helps to facilitate trade and cultural exchange which helps to explain why lingua francas were also called “trade” or “bridge” languages.

          While these days, the lingua franca of the world is undoubtedly English, it wasn’t always like that. Throughout history and in various places around the globe, various other languages have been used to the same effect: Greek was used in the heyday of the Hellenistic influence, Latin during the Roman Empire, Aramaic in Western Asia, and today, French, Urdu, and Swahili are used as the lingua franca in certain parts of the world.

          Actually, the term lingua franca originates from a particular language that was used for communication around the Mediterranean area for around eight centuries. It was based on a simplified version of Italian, with many additions from Spanish, Portuguese, Berber, Turkish, French, Greek, and Arabic. The words “lingua franca” themselves mean “language of the Franks” in Latin, although the term “Franks” covered the whole population of Western Europe.

          Although quite often many pidgin and creole languages can function as lingua francas, lingua francas themselves most often are neither pidgin nor creole.

What Creole and Pidgins is

          Pidgin language (origin in English word `business') is nobody's native language; may arise when two speakers of different languages with no common language try to have a makeshift conversation. Lexicon usually comes from one language, structure often from the other. Because of colonialism, slavery etc. the prestige of Pidgin languages is very low. Many pidgins are `contact vernaculars', may only exist for one speech event.

          Basically, Pidgin is formed spontaneously or agreement between groups of  society. Pidgin is also learnt as a second language, that built from word to word, speech, or gesture from some language and culture. Every Pidgin language have rules for  using it like an specialist of that pidgin.

          Example of Pidgin is Tok Pisin, at this time, this language is used as universal language between different lannguage in Papua Nugini.

          Creole (origin person of European descent born and raised in a tropical colony) is a language that was originally a pidgin but has become nativized, a community of speakers claims it as their first language. Next used to designate the language(s) of people of Caribbean and African descent in colonial and ex-colonial countries (Jamaica, Haiti, Mauritius, Réunion, Hawaii, Pitcairn, etc.)

          When a Pidgin is a simple communication  language without using grammar and complete phonetics, Creole can be a language with complete grammar, high of meaning and function. However, speaker of creoles, like a speaker of  pidgin, may feel that they speak something less than normal laguages because of the way they and others view those languages ehwn they compare them with language such as French and English.

Spread of Creole and Pidgin

          Creole and Pidgin language has been spread although its not exclusive in the  world. Its can happen in the closer place with waters and seas.   

Characteristics of Creole and Pidgins

Creole and Pidgin have some point, are:

a.   Incomplete of clause sturucture

b.   Reduction and disappearance of syllables or words

c.    Reduction of consonant

d.   Using of vowel (a,i,u,e,o)

e.    Do not have a tone like in Asia

Thanks guys.................

Language, Dialect and Varieties

Assalamualaikum guys,

Let’s we continue the material of INTRODUCTION OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC.

Now, I get some question and answer of “Language, Dialect and Varieties”.

This is it !!!!!!!!

1.    Why Paper of “Language, Dialect and Varieties”  choose social backround than regional background of language? And what is impact of it?

Answer :

             Language is developing by human necessary. Why  social background can influence a language and make varieties of language? It’s because of every people has different ethnics and every ethnics will develope their language with their levels. So, by that different levels, make so many varieties on language, in dialect, grammar until vocabulary.

             Then, it is also caused of they live in the same environment and same activity that make a new dialect always develope.

2.     The example and main difference regional  and social dialect?

Answer :

             Regional dialect use of different word for referring to young male sucha as boy, loon, loonie, lad or laddie or reffering to young female such as girl, quine,quinie, lass or lassie.

             Socio dialect is black english, for example is delection “they are going” can become “they going” and dog pronounce as the voval of book : dug.

3.    What the differences of language and dialect ?

Answer :

            Language is something that usually we use in daily activity for communicate with people around us. Lannguage is the main, and dialect is the lower part. So its difference by pronounciation, vocabulary, grammar and etc.

Dialect is the way we transfer what we say to other. Level of social dialect based on :

             -     Age

            We can communicate impolite with a child, but we have to communicate of polite language with someone who older than us, such as parents, old sister, old brother, a teacher and others. That’s why levels of dialect based on age of someone.

            -     Environment

            An environment is also  support of social dialect, it’r because we have so many situation, in the school (the way we talk in the class is different with the way we talk at home), in the office (boss and employee) and etc.

4.    How can a language is different with other language

Answer :

             In the past, we can not communicate with people in another land, because there is big ocean and no one of fisherman can sailing to pass the ocean. So every community in every land has their agreement of language by them self to communicate each other, thats why we have so many different language. Its because of agreement  by  themself  in the past.

CONCLUSION

All languages have many different dialects.  The more areas in which a language is spoken, the more dialects there will be. New words are made ore borrowed from another language. New speakers bring new characteristics to a language. With new characteristic, it will make  many varieties. Variety is a language that has same sounds, words, grammatical features. A form of a language or linguistic expression is Language varieties. That are dialect and accent.

That’s all  the topic of Language, Dialect and Varieties”. Hope you enjoy and  see you in next week guys...............

THANKS !!!!!

INTRODUCTION TO

SOCIOLINGUISTIC

1.    Definition of Sociolinguistic

            Sociolinguists is the study of the relationship between language and society. They are interested in explaining why we speak differently in different social contexts, and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. Examining the way people use language in different social contexts provides a wealth of information about the way language works, as well as about the social relationships in a community, and the way people convey and construct aspects of their social identity through their language.

            Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used.

a.      Definition Sociolinguistic by Expert

1)       William Labov has called sociolinguistics secular linguistics, "in reaction to the contention among many linguists working in a broadly Chomskyanframework that language can be dissociated from its social functions" (Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language, 2005).

2)      Rubén Chacón-Beltrán  In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2013),  observes that in sociolinguistics “the stress is placed on language and its role within communication. Sociology of language, however, centers on the study of society and how we can understand it through the study of language."

3)      Hudson (1996), Sociolinguistics is “The study of language in relation to sociey…”

There are  two type of  Sociolinguistic (Sociolinguistics and Sociology of Language), are:

-          Sociolinguistics: It’s main focus is “Society on Language”

-          Sociology of Language: It’s main focus is “Languages effects on society”

b.      Expert of Sociolinguistic

1)      William Labov (1972- US)

            American linguist, widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of variationist sociolinguistics. He has been described as "an enormously original and influential figure who has created much of the methodology" of sociolinguistics. He is employed as a professor in the linguistics department of the University of Pennsylvania, and pursues research in sociolinguistics, language change, and dialectology.

2)      Basil Bernstein (1924 - 2000)- UK)

            British sociologist and linguist, known for his work in the sociology of education. Basil Bernstein made a significant contribution to the study of communication with his sociolinguistic theory of language codes.

2.      Concept of Sociolinguistic

a.      Main Concepts in sociolinguistics

1)      SpeechCommunity:Discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves.

2)      High/LowPrestigeVarieties:Speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then applied to the speaker.

3)      Social Network:A particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community.

4)      I-Language and E-Language:Internal language applies to the study of syntax and semantics in language on the abstract level; External language applies to language in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared by a community.

b.      Other important concepts in Sociolinguistic

1)      Standard Language

Standard language refers to mode of usage of most educated speakers of a language and established as the prestigious form of that language. This term is also used for that variety of a language which is considered to be the norm.

2)      Non Standard Language

The term nonstandard was originally used by linguists to refer to language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar.• Non standard English differs from Standard English at the level of grammar ( it does not follow the grammar or pronunciation rules of standard language ).

3)      Accent

It is a pattern or manner of pronunciation

• An accent may identify the locality in which its speakers reside. (geographical or regional accent)

• It can indicate the socio-economic status of its speakers, their ethnicity or social class.

• Accent can also allow to determine the speaker’s native language.

• Accents typically differ in quality of voice, pronunciation of vowels and consonants, and stress pitch ( ex: intonation in Spanish and English questions and the speech of people from Ecuadorian Coast and Sierra regions )

4)      Dialect

Dialect can be defined as standard language, or Prestige Dialect used in business, education, and media. Dialects can be described at different levels according to variations

• Phonological ( differences in pronunciation , ex: in Spanish llave ( llave) – llave (shave)

• Morphological (word structure)

• Syntactic ( it can be represented by different word order in sentences,)

• Semantic (differences in meaning, ex:football – soccer )

• Grammatical ( differences in grammar structures may depend on social status of speakers, age , gender)

5)      Jargon

      Jargon is defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, group, or event. Jargon: the language used by people who work in a particular area or who have a common interest. "Jargon" can be technical language, for instance, the language used in a given profession (medical jargon, nautical jargon, etc.)

      Jargon is used with these purpose : provide speakers of specialized domains with clear, well-defined, unambiguous terms to refer to their activities and provide speakers od a sub gruop  with a means of marking ingroup membershhip and exclude outsiders

6)      Slang

It refers to the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language. It may refer to things considered taboo or euphemisms “( The substitution of an inoffensive terms such as "passed away" for "died”) .

     

3.      Subfields and Branches of Sociolinguistics

            Sociolinguistics includes some branches, they are :

1)      Anthropological Linguistics,

2)      Dialectology,

3)      Discourse Analysis,

4)      Ethnography Of Speaking,

5)      Geolinguistics,

6)       Language Contact Studies,

7)      Secular Linguistics,

8)      The Social Psychology Of Language And

9)      The Sociology Of Language

4.      Languages in contact (contact linguistics)

            Language contact occurs when two or more languages or varieties interact. The study of language contact is called Contact Linguistics, forms of influence of one language on another:

a.          Borrowing of  Vocabulary: The most common way that languages influence each other is by exchange of words.

b.          Adoption of Other Language Features: The influence can go deeper, extending to the exchange of even basic characteristics of a language such as morphology and grammar.

c.          Language Shift: The result of the contact of two languages can be the replacement of one by the other (superstratum over substratum).

d.         Stratal Influence: when people retain features of the substratum as they learn the new language and pass these features on to their children, leading to the development of a new variety.

e.          Pidginization & Creolization: People with no common language interact, developing a pidgin, which may eventually become a native language.

5.      Sociolinguistic Methods

            The standard way in which sociolinguists investigate [language] use is by random sampling of the population. In classic cases, like those undertaken in New York by William Labov, or in Norwich by Peter Trudgill, a number of linguistic variables are selected, such as 'r' (variably pronounced according to where it occurs in a word) or 'ng' (variably pronounced /n/ or /ŋ/). Sections of the population, known as informants, are then tested to see the frequency with which they produce particular variants. The results are then set against social indices which group informants into classes, based on factors such as education, money, occupation, and so forth. On the basis of such data it is possible to chart the spread of innovations in accent and dialectregionally.  (Geoffrey Finch, Linguistic Terms and Concepts. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000).

6.      Sociolinguistic Competence

            Sociolinguistic competence enables speakers to distinguish among possibilities such as the following. To get someone's attention in English, each of the utterances

1. 'Hey!',
2. 'Excuse me!', and
3. 'Sir!' or 'Ma'am!'

            That  are grammatical and a fully meaningful contribution to the discourse of the moment, but only one of them may satisfy societal expectations and the speaker's preferred presentation of self. 'Hey!' addressed to one's mother or father, for example, often expresses either a bad attitude or surprising misunderstanding of the usually recognized social proprieties, and saying 'Sir!' to a 12-year-old probably expresses inappropriate deference.